Linguistics
Abdulbasit Arab Yousefabadi; Fatemeh Gooshehneshin
Abstract
Consistency is the sum of grammatical premises that make the text a sequence of sentences and paragraphs. It surrounds the text, giving it a sense of sequence and texture. The various linguistic phenomena within it aim to enhance the text, fitting it together and ensuring its continuity. Consistency, ...
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Consistency is the sum of grammatical premises that make the text a sequence of sentences and paragraphs. It surrounds the text, giving it a sense of sequence and texture. The various linguistic phenomena within it aim to enhance the text, fitting it together and ensuring its continuity. Consistency, through its formal and semantic means, allows us to approach the text from a contemporary linguistic perspective.Based on this perspective, this study observes several coherence tools in the poem "Saly Al-Ramah Al-Awali" by poet Safi Al-Din Al-Hilli (1278-1349) to uncover the mechanisms of textual references, deletion, connection, consistency, repetition, and conjunction. The study concludes that this text has a coherent framework and its parts are connected in a continuous and sequential manner. The mechanisms of textual harmony are clearly visible in the poem.The text contains an abundance of textual coherence tools, accounting for 51% of all coherence mechanisms. This percentage is attributed to the interrelationship between the structures of the poem "Sali Al-Ramah Al-Awali," where grammatical linkage and semantic consistency overlap and interweave. The textual structure reveals a diversity of textual consistency mechanisms, with referral accounting for 30% and repetition also accounting for 30%.
Faezeh Arab Yousefabadi; Abdolbaset Arab Yousefabadi
Abstract
Human personality is composed of three parts: id, ego, and superego. The relationship between these three parts creates the individual’s complex behaviors. The concept of “ego” represents a specific pattern of behavior and how one adapts and interacts with the environment. Sometimes, ...
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Human personality is composed of three parts: id, ego, and superego. The relationship between these three parts creates the individual’s complex behaviors. The concept of “ego” represents a specific pattern of behavior and how one adapts and interacts with the environment. Sometimes, the “ego” suffers from a narcissistic personality disorder, resulting in the excessive increase of the person's attention and interest in himself. Therefore, he sees himself as a superior being and intensively focuses on his value in the eyes of others to the extent that this excessive narcissism leaves no room for loving others. Abu Firas al-Hamdani and Afzal al-Din Khaqani are two prominent Arab and Iranian poets whose poetry reveals manifestations of the narcissism phenomenon. This study aimed to explain the essential psychological features related to narcissism in the poetry of Abu Firas and Khaqani by relying on the descriptive-analytical method and referring to Christopher Lasch's model. According to Christopher Lasch's behavioral psychology, the standard features of narcissism in the poetry of Abu Firas and Khaqani are superiority complex (megalomania), devaluation of others, illusions of omnipotence, alienation from others, and complaint. Accordingly, these two poets present an exaggerated self-image in their poetry, ignore the values of others, and are very sensitive to criticism or failure. Abu Firas and Khaqani rarely communicate with others, and their communication is in line with meeting their personal needs. They consider themselves supermen who can do everything and attribute the positive events around them to themselves. These two poets are alienated from others, so they constantly complain about the people, the life, and the situation around them.
Abdolbaset Arab; Faeze Arab Yousofabadi; Seyed Bagher Hossini
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Comparative literature is an academic field dealing with the study of literature and cultural expression across linguistic, national, and disciplinary boundaries. Comparative literature performs a role similar to that of the study of international relations, but works ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Comparative literature is an academic field dealing with the study of literature and cultural expression across linguistic, national, and disciplinary boundaries. Comparative literature performs a role similar to that of the study of international relations, but works with languages and artistic traditions, so as to understand cultures from the inside. While most frequently practiced with works of different languages, comparative literature may also be performed on works of the same language if the works originate from different nations or cultures among which that language is spoken. The characteristically intercultural and transnational field of comparative literature concerns itself with the relation between literature, broadly defined, and other spheres of human activity, including history, politics, philosophy, art, and science.
Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior. Psychology is a multifaceted discipline and includes many sub-fields of study such areas as human development, sports, health, clinical, social behavior and cognitive processes. Psychology is really a very new science, with most advances happening over the past 150 years or so. However, its origins can be traced back to ancient Greece, 400 – 500 years BC. In the early days of psychology there were two dominant theoretical perspectives regarding how the brain worked, structuralism and functionalism. Structuralism and functionalism have since been replaced by several dominant and influential approaches to psychology, each one underpinned by a shared set of assumptions of what people are like, what is important to study and how to study it.
Theoretical Framework
An interest of psychology, and particularly applied psychology in the impact of color on human functioning has a long history; however, it has fairly limited research achievements. Some more systematic empirical studies in the field appeared at the end of the last century; however, many of them suffer from methodological shortcomings and fail to encompass a correlational analysis which is a norm in modern psychology. Therefore, it seems particularly worthwhile for us to present a comprehensive review of research to date in applied psychology dealing with the issue of color.
The past decade has seen enhanced interest in research in the area of color and psychological functioning. Progress has been made on both theoretical and empirical fronts, but there are also weaknesses on both of these fronts that must be attended to for this research area to continue to make progress. In the following, I briefly review both advances and weaknesses in the literature on color and psychological functioning. Despite many methodological problems, colors have long been used in psychological diagnoses. Many instruments have been developed, such as the Max Lüscher color test (1971).
It's common for a sighted person to wonder what blind people see or for a blind person to wonder whether the experience is the same for others without sight. There is no single answer to the question, "What do blind people see?" because there are different degrees of blindness. Also, since it's the brain that "sees" information, it matters whether a person ever had sight. A person who has never had sight doesn't see. People who have lost their sight have different experiences. Some describe seeing complete darkness, like being in a cave. Some people see sparks or experience vivid visual hallucinations that may take the form of recognizable shapes, random shapes, and colors, or flashes of light.
A person who is born blind has dreams but doesn't see images. Dreams could include sounds, tactile information, odors, flavors, and feelings. On the other hand, if a person has sight and then loses it, dreams may include images. People who have impaired vision (legally blind) do see in their dreams. The appearance of objects in dreams depends on the type and history of blindness. Someone who is blind yet perceives flashes of light and color from Charles Bonnet syndrome may incorporate these experiences into dreams.
Method
The Lüscher Color Test, despite the remarkable ease and speed with which it can be administered, is a "deep" psychological test, developed for the use of psychiatrists, psychologists, physicians and those who are professionally involved with the conscious and unconscious characteristics and motivations of others. It is NOT a parlor game, and most emphatically it is not a weapon to be used in a general contest of “one-upmanship.”
The Lüscher-Color-Diagnostic measures a person's psycho-physical state, his or her ability to withstand stress, to perform, and to communicate. It uncovers the cause of psychological stress, which can lead to physical symptoms. Using 5015 precise definitions, the selections from among these pre-determined test colors measure the state of 34 personality traits, some of which lie outside the realm of the conscious. Because the color selections are guided in an unconscious manner, they reveal the person as he or she really is, and not as he or she perceives him - or herself, or as he, or she would like to be perceived, which occurs when questions are asked directly or by questionnaires. The test colors from the Lüscher Color-Diagnosis chosen based on favoritism. The test-taker chooses the card color they like best and then orders the rest from most-preferred to lease-preferred. Numbers are printed on the backside of each card, and after the test-taker orders them, the examiner turns them over and references an accompanying book that contains all of the different number combinations and their meaning. Lüscher argues that the subject's choice of color shows the state of their psychosomatic and emotional status and how they feel about themselves.
Lüscher relates to his four fundamental colors to the following fundamental categories:
Blue: Contentmen
Feeling of belonging, the inner connection and the relationship to one’s partner.
"How I feel towards a person that is close to me"
Green: Self-respect
Inner control of willpower and the capacity to enjoy.
"The way I want to be"
Red: Self confidence
Activity, drive and the reaction to challenges.
"How I react to challenges"
Yellow: Development
Attitude of anticipation, attitude towards future development and towards new encounters.
"What I expect for the future"
A 1984 comparison of the Lüscher color test and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory found little agreement between the two tests, prompting the authors to urge cautious use of the former
Results and Discussion
So the two most important observations of these two are:
Desired Objectives, or Behavior Dictated by Desired Objectives.
Suffering from pent-up over-stimulation which threatens to discharge itself in an outburst of impulsive and impassioned behavior.
The Existing Situation, or Behavior Appropriate to the Existing Situation.
1st selection: Hopes to obtain an improved position and greater prestige, so that he can procure for himself more of the things he has had to do without.
2st selection: Hopes to obtain an improved position and greater prestige, so that he can procure for himself more of the things he has had to do without.
Characteristics under Restraint, or Behavior Inappropriate to the Existing Situation.
3st selection: Has high emotional demands and is willing to involve himself in a close relationship, but not with any great depth of feeling.
Conclusion
The results showed that among four Lüscher's Color Groups, the first and second in both poets are approximately similar. Accordingly, Ma'arri and Rudaki both were suffering from extreme provocations that had led them to separate from their society and they hoped to overcome a lot of their limitations, but Abol Ala despite of inner desires to intimate relationship, controls tightly his emotional relationships and only allows some people in his private domain that have perspective similar to him and think similar like him. And Rudaki tends to build social relationship and reveal his emotional relationship easily. He shows his unease because there are not enough responses to his needs of loving and understandings of mutual affections too.
abdolbaset arab
Abstract
Extended Abstract
1. Introduction
Abbasid period can be regarded as an epoch in which poetry and eulogy in Persia reached maturity, i.e., in which poetry has become a means of praise and admiration (Dayf, 2006, p. 565). The kings of this dynasty gathered a group of flattered eulogists and used them ...
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Extended Abstract
1. Introduction
Abbasid period can be regarded as an epoch in which poetry and eulogy in Persia reached maturity, i.e., in which poetry has become a means of praise and admiration (Dayf, 2006, p. 565). The kings of this dynasty gathered a group of flattered eulogists and used them for political announcements (Alebadi, 2006, p. 13), by allocating precious gifts of war booty to poetry, they justified their reign and suppressed their oppositions ((Dayf, 2006, p. 566). Being greedy for money and lacking self-esteem made eulogists to increase their competition for being a better eulogist in the court (Nicholson, 2001, p. 303), and also their envious characteristics and their constant need for presents impelled them to use different themes in their poetry, eulogy and lampoon (Zarkoob, 2004, p. 82), thus formed literary discussions. Discussions between Al-Al-Khwarizmi (944-1004, AH) and Badi _al-Zaman_ al-Hamadani (969-1007) is an example of literay discussions. On one side, there was Al-Al-Khwarizmi one of the popular authors of 4th century (Al-Sam'ani, 1384, p. 213/5), and on the other side, there was Badi_al-Zaman a prideful young man who was eager for title and higher scientific statues (Abboud, 1954, p. 11).
2. Theoretical Framework
In the period when rulers of Samani reigned in a good neighborliness with Aal e Booye, their attitude toward Shiites was peaceful and did not oppose their religious activities, so that gave Shiites greater freedom (Foroozani, 2002, p .23). In this condition, Al-Khwarizmi, the firmly, young Shiite believers could gain a victory over his rivals through his excellent talent, power of the word and his deep knowledge (Al-Thaalbi, 1957, p. 207/4). His explicit speech in expressing his ideas distressed lots of scholars and politicians. Those who sought safety from sharp language of Al-Khwarizmi, used Badi_al-Zaman against his power of words to save themselves. Victory of Badi_al-Zaman over Al-Khwarizmi was similar to the triumph of swearing, arguing, and cursing, as a result Al-Khwarizmi decided to live in isolation and solitude and died after a while (ibid, p. 209/4). Therefore, a bitter event recorded in history of Arab literature and led to investigation of new results in literature and politics of that time.
3. Method
Focusing on descriptive-analytical method, the recent study based on various narrations of discussions tries to answer the question why celebrated and great scholar like Al-Khwarizmi was putted aside and forced to choose isolation and silence?
It should be mentioned that causes of silence of great scholars such as Al-Khwarizmi by opponents shows the importance of this study. Not only the literary community of that era needed this scholar but also after his death, they felt his loss. Investigating the reasons of holding discussion meetings between Al-Khwarizmi and Al-Hamadani makes the literary history of that period clearer.
4. Results and Discussion
Based on what mentioned above, the following cases are the most significant reasons of starting discussions between Al-Khwarizmi and Badi_al-Zaman:
a) The innate reasons of these discussions include prevalence of unmoral characteristics such as insultation, swearing, profanity, and aggression in Nishapur, expressing chaotic situation of society and objecting to heterogeneities of the community through explicit language of Al-Khwarizmi. Other factors include making irony of the chaotic classes of society especially wealthy people, ridiculing the rulers and administrators who acted against him, and insisting on his goals. Al-Khwarizmi's aggression against harsh situations, efforts of Badi_al-Zaman for residing in Nishapur, audacity of Badi_al-Zaman toward a great scholar like Al-Khwarizmi, crudity and pride of Badi_al-Zaman, and stimulation of Badi_al-Zaman by opponents of Al-Khwarizmi are the other reasons.
b) Ideological and religious differences between these two great scholars and fearless behavior of Al-Khwarizmi toward Sunni's leaders and insulting them intensified religious aspects of these discussions.
c) High literary position of Al-Khwarizmi and increasing number of his students beside the anonymity of Badi_al-Zaman in field of literature because of his young age and attempt for achieving high level in society influenced holding these discussions.
d) Contention of Al-Khwarizmi with politicians, making parody of them, and jealousy of those politicians with him boosted the political aspect of discussions.
e) Holding discussions between a novice and an aged man, choosing Nishapur as a place for discussions, inviting the wise people as audience, and directing meeting toward the weak aspect of Al-Khwarizmi's characteristic, which was his Alzheimer, all shows deliberate intention of holding these sessions.
5. Conclusion
The results show that whenever a person talks ironically about the principal believe of religion doesn’t have a good end and must choose silence and death. So by putting internal and external causes, goal and intention of debaters and under the curtain politics of this plot together we can find that in this literary debate, although corrupting the personality of Al-Khwarizmi, but he was actually an antagonist of debates. Therefore, his name is alive in the history of literature.
Keywords: Nishapur, debates, Aboubakr Al-Khwarizmi, Badi_al-Zaman_al-Hamadani.
References [in Persian]
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Faghihi, A.A. (1986). Buwayhid and their time. Tehran, Iran: Saba.
Foroozani, A. (2002). History of political and social and economic and cultural Samanid period. Tehran, Iran: Samt.
Frye, R.N. (1993). History of Iran. Translation: Anoosheh. Hassan. Tehran, Iran: Amir Kabir.
Hosseini, M.B (2003). Jaheze Nishapur. Mashhad, Iran: Ferdowsi University.
Ishpoler, B. (1998). History of Iran in the early centuries of Islamic. translation: Falatury, J. Tehran, Iran: Cultural and Scientific Publications.
Jafarian, R. (1992). Historical and human geography of the Shia in the Muslim world. Qom: Ansarian.
Nicholson, R (2001). Arab literary history. translation: Kaiwani, Kaiwandokht.. Tehran, Iran: Wistar.
References (in Arabic)
Abboud, Maroun (1954). Badi 'al-Zaman al-Hamadani. Egypt, Cairo: Dar al-amaref.
Aboo al-Fda, I (1956). Summary of human history. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Al-Fikr.
Al-Hamawi, Y (1906). Encyclopedia of lands. Egypt, Cairo: Al-saaadah..
Al-Hamawi, Y (1938). Encyclopedia of scholars. Egypt, Cairo: Dar al-amomon.
Al-Hamdani, B (1903). Diwan. research: Juma Abdul Ghani. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-kotob al-elmiiah.
Al-Ibadi, A.M (2006). In the history of the Abbasid and Fatimid. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-nahzah al-arabi.
Al-Ifandi, I (1890). Analysis of rhetoric in letters Badi_al-Zaman_al-Hamadani.Egypt, Cairo: Maaref Al-welaiah.
Al-Khwarizmi, A (1894). Messages. Egypt, Cairo: Al-matbaah Al- Uthman.
Al-Razi, I..M (2001). The experience of nations. Tehran, Iran: Soroush.
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Taiiareh, M.A (2005). Abu AlIbar Stupid leader of the Abbasids. Damascus: Riad Aliomiah magazine. N13167. Pp 44-56.
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Abstract
Since the beginning of the nineteenth century onward , Arabic Drama has preserved a close relation to the Heritage. One of the most famous dramas s using the classical elements is “al-Malik Howa-l-Malik” ( the King is The King) written by the Syrian dramatist “Sa’dallah Wannous”. In composing ...
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Since the beginning of the nineteenth century onward , Arabic Drama has preserved a close relation to the Heritage. One of the most famous dramas s using the classical elements is “al-Malik Howa-l-Malik” ( the King is The King) written by the Syrian dramatist “Sa’dallah Wannous”. In composing this drama ,he has been inspired by one of One Thousand and One Nights fables namely “an-Naim wa-l- Yaghzan” (Asleep one and Awake one). This paper aims to analyze the function of heritage and steps of its changes in this drama . The paper considers all dramatic elements of the play, including the plot, theme, characters, words, dialogue etc.. Moreover, it discusses how the heritage has been utilized in this piece of work. Accordingly it concludes that “Wannous” has got the original idea of his drama from the story of “an-Naim Wa-l-Yaghzan” however, he has either enforced some changes in the elements of the story ,or evolved it in some aspects.
